A pilot programme charging day-trippers to Venice an entrance fee comes to an end on Sunday, with the fragile lagoon city more than 2 million euros (£1.7 million) richer and determined to extend the levy.

However opponents called the experiment a failure.

Several dozen activists gathered outside the Santa Lucia railway station overlooking a crowded canal on Saturday to protest over the 5-euro (£4.20) levy which they say did little to dissuade visitors from arriving on peak days, as envisioned.

“The ticket is a failure, as demonstrated by city data,” said Giovanni Andrea Martini, an opposition city council member.

Over the first 11 days of the trial period, an average of 75,000 visitors were recorded in the city. Mr Martini said that is 10,000 more each day than on three indicative holidays in 2023, citing figures provided by the city based on mobile phone data that tracks arrivals in the city.

Venice imposed the long-discussed day-tripper tax on 29 days this year, mostly weekends and holidays, between April 25 and mid-July.

The project, delayed by the pandemic, was heralded by Unesco member states when they decided against a recommendation to place the city on its list of world heritage sites in danger.

Over the last two-and-a-half months, nearly 438,000 tourists have paid the tax, raising revenues of some 2.19 million euros (£1.8 million), according to Associated Press calculations based on data supplied by the city.

Officials said the money will be used for essential services, which cost more in a city traversed by canals, including rubbish removal and maintenance.

The levy was not applied to people staying in hotels in Venice, who are already charged a lodging tax. Exemptions also applied to children under 14, residents of the region, students, workers and people visiting relatives, among others.

The city’s top tourism official, Simone Venturini, has indicated that the levy will be continued and reinforced. A proposal to double the fee to 10 euros (£8.40) is being considered for next year, a city spokesman said.

Officials promised steep fines for those flouting the law, but in the end none was given during checks at entry points, which varied from a low of 8,500 to a high 20,800 a day over the period.

City officials said that is because they wanted a soft launch. Critics said it resulted in a downward trend in payments as visitors understood there was no risk in avoiding the payment.

Opponents of the plan also said it failed to make the city more liveable for residents, as intended, with the narrow walkways and water taxis as crowded as ever.

They want policies that encourage repopulation of Venice’s historic centre, which has been losing residents to the more convenient mainland for decades, including placing limits on short-term rentals.

There are now more tourist beds in the city centre than official residents, whose numbers stand at an all-time low of 50,000.

“Wanting to raise this to 10 euros is absolutely useless. It makes Venice a museum,” Mr Martini said.

Many of the banners at Saturday’s protest also indicated growing concern about the system of electronic and video surveillance that was introduced in 2020 to monitor mobile phone data of people arriving in the city, which is the backbone of the system to control tourism. Placards included warnings about use of personal data and a lack of data privacy.

“The access ticket is a great distraction for the media, which only speaks about this five euros, which will become 10 euros next year,” said Giovanni Di Vito, a Venice resident active in the campaign against the tourist tax.

“But no-one is focusing on the system for surveillance and control of citizens.”