UN-backed human rights investigators on Friday urged the creation of an “independent and impartial force” to protect civilians in Sudan’s war.

They blamed both sides for war crimes including murder, mutilation and torture and warning that foreign governments which arm and finance them could be complicit.

The fact-finding team, in their first report since being created by the UN’s main human rights body last October, also accused the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which are fighting Sudan’s army, and its allies of crimes against humanity including rape, sexual slavery and persecution on ethnic or gender grounds.

“The people of Sudan have suffered greatly, and the violations against them must stop. This cannot be done without ending the fighting,” Mohamed Chande Othman, the chairman of the team, told a news conference.

The experts called for the expansion of an arms embargo on Sudan’s western Darfur region to the entire country.

The findings from the team mandated by the 47-country Human Rights Council come as more than 10 million people have been driven from their homes — including more than two million to neighbouring countries — and famine has broken out in one large camp for displaced people in Darfur.

The conflict that erupted in April last year has killed thousands of people, and humanitarian groups are struggling to gain access to people in need. In December, the UN Security Council voted to end the world body’s political mission in the country under pressure from the military leadership.

While the killings, displacements and forced starvation have been long known, the call for creation of an independent force marks the latest sign of desperation from rights advocates both within the country and abroad to halt the bloodshed, displacement and food crisis.

“Given the failure of the parties to protect civilians so far, the fact-finding mission recommends the deployment of an independent and impartial force with a mandate to protect civilians in Sudan,” the team’s report said.

The experts did not specify what might make up that force, nor did they say which countries might be complicit in the crimes through their backing of rival sides. Sudan’s military has accused the United Arab Emirates of supporting the RSF, a claim the Gulf country has denied.

Neighbouring Egypt is among the backers of Sudan’s armed forces.

“The fact-finding mission considers that fighting will stop once the arms flow stops,” the report said. It called for an immediate end to funnelling weapons, ammunition and other support to any side, “as there is a risk that those supplying arms may be complicit in grave violations of human rights and humanitarian law”.

The experts focused on a period from January and August this year. They visited three neighbouring countries and took testimonies from more than 180 survivors, relatives and witnesses to the conflict that now has spread to 14 of Sudan’s 18 states.

Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, a team member, said conflict-related sexual violence had a “long and tragic history” in Sudan, and civilians — overwhelmingly women and girls — “were, and continue to be, targeted with sexual violence in particular rape (and) gang-rape by both parties to the conflict”.

Earlier this month, talks in Geneva convened by the US, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia made some headway in getting aid into Sudan, but mediators criticised the lack of participation of Sudan’s armed forces. Egypt, the UAE, the African Union and the United Nations were also involved in the talks.

The team has little power to affect events on the ground in what the UN has called the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. Its report mainly serves to train a spotlight on rights abuses and violations for the world community and help inform International Criminal Court prosecutors.

Mr Othman, speaking to The Associated Press, said the team had not compiled “concrete evidence” about which countries were funnelling weapons and money to the rival sides beyond what they had seen in media reports, but that the issue was “worth investigating”.

“It should be assigned to some person or some agency to look into it, because it is serious in the context of the protracted war in Sudan,” he said.