Hundreds of activists have called on industrialised nations to pay for the impact of climate change and to speed up the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in the largest protest yet at the UN climate summit in Egypt.

Protests have mostly been muted at Cop27 which is taking place in the seaside resort of Sharm El-Sheikh. Activists blamed the high cost of travel, accommodation and restrictions in the isolated city for limiting numbers of demonstrators.

The protesters marched through the conference’s “Blue Zone”, which is considered a UN territory and ruled by international law.

They chanted, sang and danced in an area not far from where climate talks and negotiations are taking place. The protests came at the end of the first week of the two-week summit, when typically protest action at climate summits is at its biggest.

“Pay for loss and damage now,” said Friday Nbani, a Nigerian environmental activist who was leading a group of African protesters.

Many protesters, alongside several vulnerable countries, have called for “loss and damage” payments, or financing to help pay for climate-related harms, to be central to negotiations. “Africa is crying, and its people are dying,” Mr Nbani said.

Protesters also called for drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions being pumped into the atmosphere. Emissions continue to rise but scientists say the amount of heat-trapping gases need to be almost halved by 2030 to meet the temperature-limiting goals of the Paris climate accord.

Activists chanted “keep it in the ground” in reference to their rejection of the continued extraction of fossil fuels.

On Friday, some activists heckled US President Joe Biden’s speech and raised an orange banner that read, “People vs Fuels” before being removed. One of the activists, Jacob Johns, had his access to the conference revoked as a result.

“It’s just a great way to silence Indigenous voices nationally and globally,” said Mr Johns, a member of the Akimelo’otham and Hopi nations in the United States.

The 39-year-old veteran activist said he went to the speech to protest against the US’s new programme to encourage more corporate purchases of carbon offsets — a scheme for companies to get credits to pollute by contributing to the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

And what really angered the veteran activist was that Mr Biden mentioned Indigenous knowledge and efforts in his speech.

It was “just a really good big slap in the face to climate action”, Mr Johns said.

Saturday’s rallies also focused on human and gender rights, with protesters saying both are linked to climate justice and called for an end to a crackdown on rights and environmental activists, especially in developing nations.

Activists also called for the release of a jailed British-Egyptian pro-democracy activist Alaa Abdel-Fattah, whose case grabbed international attention during the conference. His sister, Sanaa Seif, has been at the conference campaigning for him to walk free.

“One day I hope my brother will be able to stand here with you and raise his voice, as he has always done for the repressed, the criminalised, the marginalised, and the ignored,” said Asad Rehman, the executive director of War on Want, a London-based anti-poverty charity. He was reading Ms Seif’s remarks.

Mr Abdel-Fattah’s family said he has escalated his hunger strike and stopped drinking water to coincide with the start of the conference. Since then, they have been demanding word on his condition at the prison, and their concerns grew on Thursday after authorities told them he was undergoing an undefined medical intervention and blocked a lawyer from seeing him.